The Advantages of Biobutanol Over Ethanol Essay -- Fuel, Gasoline, Alte

Ethanol has recently come under fire for a variety of reasons. Ethanol uses more capacity to be produced that it can yield, it drives up the cost of food crops, and it cannot be shipped efficiently (Hargreaves.) So what can be done about the problems with ethanol? Is there a better option for alternative fuel? Yes, biobutanol is the answer. Biobutanol is butanol that has been created by a biomass fermentation physical process that is similar to ethanol, but the resulting fuel has a few primal advantages. Biobutanol is more feasible fuel source then ethanol, it can make use of existing infrastructure, and biobutanol has been proven to replace gasoline gallon for gallon.Butanol is a four-carbon alcohol that is currently used as a commercial solvent. Butanol can be made from the same biomass that produces ethanol, and is called biobutanol when it is made from such a process to distinguish the fuel produced from petroleum based butanol. Using biobutanol as a fuel is beneficial because of biobutanols energy content. Bioutanol is capable of producing 110,000 Btus per gallon. When compared to ethano...

Essay --

Surviving the drop of an atomic bomb and trying to live a prevalent life later on such a tragic event, is the most difficult goal anyone can achieve. Hiroshima, by John Hershey takes us into the memories of six survivors that made it through with(predicate) the attack and how they managed to target their life back together. Forty years after the bombing many survivors were still haunted by the horrifying event, but as time went on they were leading to share their experiences and let the world know that they made were alive and survived. On August 6, 1945 the first atomic bomb to be dropped on a city destroyed Hiroshima, Japan and its people. Mr. Tanimoto, the pastor of the Hiroshima Methodist Church, was uninjured and with the help of Father Kleinsorge, a Jesuit priest, they managed to get people to natural rubber at Asano place a private estate on the outskirts of town. They consoled the wounded and also brought water for those who needed it from the river. Among those that were ill from the radiation of the bomb in Asano Park was Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura, a tailors widow, and her children. Miss Toshinki Sasaki, a young clerk, is suffering from a leg fracture and wont be treated until weeks after the explosion. Dr. Masakazu Fuji, a physician, is unable to aid anyone else after the bombing due to his minor injuries when he fell into the river and was squeezed between two large timbers. On the other hand, Dr. Terufumi Sasaki, a young surgeon, remains the only uninjured doctor in the Red Cross Hospital and tends to the wounded, unable to leave his spot and or get counterweight for months after the explosion. Weeks after the bombing Japan begin to rebuild its city, but a new terror strikes radiation sickness. The victims of the radiation sickness, such as Mrs. Nakamura us... ...ever know help from my people as well if I was ever in a situation similar to what happened to Hiroshima. In my opinion, I think that the book was intend for teens and adults becau se of the authors great use of imagery and detail. Also I believe that to confirm a better understanding of why Hiroshima was bombed, we would need to have background knowledge of WWII and what Japan did to the United States to make us use the atomic bomb on their city. I think that the major theme in this book is the people of Hiroshimas will to survive. This book shows how people react in a crisis and what they chose to do to rebuild their lives. It also demonstrates the human spirit and our will to live on even after we face so much death and disaster. Survival is a key that will help us get return to our normal lives, so that we will be able to achieve greater goals in the future.

Conflicts of Gender in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe :: Things Fall Apart

There are constant struggles between gender, identity, commodification, and class. Among the men and women in bity African tribes that still endure today, there are divergences, which will always remain intact because of the culture and the way in which they are taught to treat each other. Chinua Achebe wrote the young, Things Fall Apart, which is a corking piece of African literature that deals with the Igbo culture, history, and the taking over of African lands by British colonization. The ongoing gender conflict is a prominent theme in Things Fall Apart presenting the clash between men and women of the African Igbo union. Throughout history, from the beginning of time to today, women have frequently been viewed as inferior, mens possessions whose sole purpose was to satisfy the mens needs. Maybe its because men are physically stronger than women and have always had the ability to control them that way. In Things Fall Apart, the Igbo women were perceive as being weak. They r eceived little or no respect in the Igbo society and were harshly abused. The recurring theme of gender conflicts helps drive the novel Things Fall Apart by showing how important women are to the men, yet they do not receive the treatment they deserve. Women have many responsibilities in the Igbo society such as having children, cooking, cleaning, and farming. These are important function for women, yet they are not given much credit or meaning for their existence in the roles they fill. As Rose Ure Mezu points out The world in Things Fall Apart is one in which patriarchy intrudes oppressively into every sphere of existence. It is an andocentric world where the man is everything and the woman nothing. In some way Mezu is correct in saying that the man is everything and the woman nothing. The man holds the highest importance of the family and it is he who holds the titles. In Things Fall Apart, the subscriber follows the troubles of the main character Okonkwo, a tragic hero whose fl aw includes the fact that his whole life was dominated by fear, the fear of failure and of weakness (2865). For Okonkwo, his military chaplain Unoka was the essence of failure and weakness.

The Value of Human Life :: essays research papers

Euthanasia-A Critique was published in the New England Journal of Medicine on June 20, 1990. Peter A. Singer and Mark Siegler be the two authors of this article. Singer is a graduate of the University of Toronto Medical School and holds a masters in public health from Yale University. He is assistant professor of medicine and associate coach of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Toronto. Siegler got hi medical degree from the University of Chicago. He is the director of the Center of Clinical Medical Ethics at the university. He has written to a greater extent then 100 articles and six books. The two authors believe that the medical community should rethink the move towards the use of euthanasia. Singer and Siegler discuss cost containment and what it entails, such as indemnity. The expense of hospital sash and the cutting down on nursing staff at hospitals affects it. Many trauma centers are also closing down. They mother up the social injustice of euthanasia and ho w the poor and elderly will be affected. The minorities, uninsured and others could be taken advantage of by health portion out providers. Other problems are aroused when ethics come into the picture. The authors talk about the Hippocratic oath, religion, and peoples ethical traditions. Runkle 2When dealing with euthanasia issues arise, genius of them is cost containment. When hospitals and doctors run tests it cost money, legion(predicate) tests are expensive and have to be repeated often. Health insurance can be expensive and many people choose either not to get insurance or cant afford it. When people dont have insurance it costs all of the taxpayers and hospital to cover the expense. This would encourage doctors to perform euthanasia on patients that are not paying for themselves just to get rid of them. not having to spend money on patients medicine will keep cost at minimum along with long hospital stays with patients being kept alive with machines costing a lot of money e veryday. There are many trauma centers closing throughout the country fashioning health care shortages. This leads to over crowding and the possibility of doctors involuntarily killing patients to make room is the hospital.Many groups of society will be targeted for euthanasia. Some of the groups are the uninsured, poor, elderly, minorities, and mentally disabled. Doctors would target these individuals because there less desirable role on society. Most doctors would not think is this way but they are out there.

Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway Essay -- Virginia Woolf Dalloway Essays

Virginia Woolfs Mrs. DallowayImagination is the one weapon in the war against reality.-Jules de GaultierSet just after one of Englands scald tragedies, Virginia Woolfs 1925 novel Mrs. Dalloway is a vivid picture of the effects of World fight I on Londons high society, often in glaring contrast to the effects of shell shock suffered by war veteran Septimus Smith. For members of high society, the Wars impact is largely indirect, chief(prenominal)ly touching their conversations at posh social functions. Although the war has had little impact on these people, rough strive to develop a deeper taking into custody of the Wars main consequence death. For Septimus, who has endured the direct impact of the War as a soldier, however, the memories and traumas of the War are more real than the peaceful life to which he has returned. At the pressing pleas of his wife, doctors unsuccessfully attempt to help him regain the blissful ignorance of war that he once had. Woolf illuminates a per petual clash between those who merely understand the War as a continuing news story, and Septimus, who knows it as a frightening reality. For Clarissa and others in her elite world of parties and politics, the treaty has been signed and the War is over, clean and simple. Except, Clarissa notes generously, for some one like Mrs. Foxcroft at the Embassy last night eating her heart out because that nice boy was killed and now the old Manor House moldiness go to a cousin or Lady Bexborough who opened a bazaar, they said, with the telegram in her hand, John, her favourite, killed but it was over thank Heavenover (4-5). It is profound to observe that even these close connections are extremely rare for the upper-class populace. The fact that Clarissa ha... ... cure Septimus at once from his true ailment (81). Through an teemingness of human thoughts and interactions, Woolf has created a meticulous juxtaposition of Septimus against society or human nature in order to emphasize the se lf-absorption and desire for conformity of London society. Londoners understanding of the War and its fatalities is often specifically and immediately related back to themselves, used for entertainment or to ease their own fears of death. Their treatment of war-related illness is unfailingly for the attain of Englands successful, if gilded, image at large. Woolf has, therefore, illustrated Englands proud display of personal advantage for all who conform to Sir Williams sense of proportion by exposing the hardships that occur those who do not. Work CitedWoolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway. Orlando, FL Harcourt, Inc., 2005.

Images, Symbols and Symbolism in Fahrenheit 451 :: Fahrenheit 451 Essays

Symbols and Images in Fahrenheit 451   Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury is a futuristic novel, taking the reader to a era where books and thinking are outlawed. In a time dreadful FOR those who want to better themselves by thinking, and by reading, BECAUSE READING IS OUTLAWED. Books and ideas are burned, books are burned physically, where as ideas are burned from the mind. Bradbury uses literary devices( I ONLY SEE ONE DEVICE) such as symbolism, but it is the idea (WHAT IDEA?) he wants to puzzle that makes this novel so devastating. Bradbury warns us of what may happen if we stop expressing our ideas, and let people take away our books, and thoughts. Bradbury notices what has been going on in the world, with regards to censorship with book burning in Germany and McCarthyism in America.               Bradbury is also a WRITER WHO incorporates symbolism into his book. Bradburys use of symbolism throughout the novel makes the book moving and decently by using symbolism to reinforce the ideas of anti-censorship. (WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THIS?) The Hearth and the Salamander, the title of part one, is the first example of symbolism. The title suggests two things having to do with fire, the hearth is a source of warmth and goodness, showing the positive, non-destructive side of fire. Whereas a salamander is a small lizard-like amphibian, WHICH in mythology is known to endure fire without getting burnED by it.               Perhaps the salamander is symbolic of Guy Montag who is described as a ONE because he works with fire, endurING ITS DANGER.  YET HE CONTINUES TO believes that he can escape the fire and survive, much like a salamander does. On the other hand, it is ironic that Guy, and the other firemen believe themselves to be salamanders because some(prenominal) CAPTAIN Beattys and Montags destruction comes from the all mighty flame, from which they thought t hey were invincible.   The symbol of a Phoenix is used throughout the novel. This quote accurately describes the Phoenix,               It is known to be a mythical multi-colored bird of Arabia, with a long history of artistic and  literary symbolism, the Phoenix is one of a kind. At the end of its five-hundred-year existence, it perches on its nest of spices and sings until sunshine ignites the masses. After the body is consumed in flames, a worm emerges and develops into the next Phoenix.

Images, Symbols and Symbolism in Fahrenheit 451 :: Fahrenheit 451 Essays

Symbols and Images in Fahrenheit 451   Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury is a futuristic novel, taking the reader to a time where books and thinking are outlawed. In a time dreadful FOR those who want to better themselves by thinking, and by reading, BECAUSE READING IS OUTLAWED. Books and ideas are burned, books are burned physic all toldy, where as ideas are burned from the mind. Bradbury uses literary devices( I ONLY SEE ONE DEVICE) such as symbolism, but it is the idea (WHAT IDEA?) he wants to convey that makes this novel so devastating. Bradbury warns us of what may happen if we stop expressing our ideas, and let people take away our books, and thoughts. Bradbury notices what has been going on in the world, with regards to censorship THROUGH book burning in Germany and McCarthyism in America.               Bradbury is also a WRITER WHO incorporates symbolism into his book. Bradburys use of symbolism throughout the novel makes t he book moving and powerful by using symbolism to reinforce the ideas of anti-censorship. (WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THIS?) The Hearth and the Salamander, the title of part one, is the first example of symbolism. The title suggests two things having to do with fire, the hearth is a reference book of warmth and goodness, showing the positive, non-destructive side of fire. Whereas a salamander is a small lizard-like amphibian, WHICH in mythology is known to endure fire without getting burnED by it.               by chance the salamander is symbolic of Guy Montag who is described as a ONE because he works with fire, endurING ITS DANGER.  YET HE CONTINUES TO believes that he can get around the fire and survive, much like a salamander does. On the other hand, it is ironic that Guy, and the other firemen believe themselves to be salamanders because both CAPTAIN Beattys and Montags destruction comes from the all mighty flame, from which they thought they were invincible.   The symbol of a Phoenix is used throughout the novel. This quote accurately describes the Phoenix,               It is known to be a mythical multi-colored bird of Arabia, with a long history of artistic and  literary symbolism, the Phoenix is one of a kind. At the end of its five-hundred-year existence, it perches on its nest of spices and sings until sunlight ignites the masses. After the body is consumed in flames, a worm emerges and develops into the next Phoenix.

Post-impressionism and Artists

Impressionism was a movement that came about in the late 19th century, roughly specifically its roots can be traced back the 1874 when a group cal conduct the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Printmakers, etc. organized an exhibition in Paris. (Samu, 2004). The group led several exhibitions through the 1880s which brought them into the spot light despite criticism from the conventional cheat community in France. The movement received its name from cardinal of the movements intimately now most recognized artworkists Claude Monet and his piece Impression, Sunrise.It is said that a critic accused the painting of beingness a sketch or sentiment. (Samu, 2004) Paintings of this period tended to be outdoor scenes and panoramas. My Grandfather, Lawrence Bird, who was an artist and set designer for Disney modeled his style of art after this period. He was inspired by the artists of this period and their concentrate on developing their own technique that was more centered arou nd light and its effect on the image.The painting technique included short anserine and broken strokes with vibrant and light colors adding overbold dimensions to their paintings. Impressionism did an amazing thing it realized the phenomenon of transitoriness. The artist that carries his canvas out into the great outdoors and strives to record all(prenominal) small detail of what his eye can grok is in very disaccordent state of mind than the artist that creates his art in a studio apartment reconstructed from sketches or studies. (Collins, 2012) The social, economic and political climate of this time saw many changes.You had the industrial revolution, which replaced small farms and factories with large industrial complexes. This eventually led people into more urban areas out of the country side. There is the release of the communist manifesto by Marx and Engles and of course Darwins release of Orgin of the species. (Werner, 1998) Both changing the modality people pattern and viewed the world they lived in. Due to the above mentioned industrial revolution there are many new and useful items now readily on tap(predicate) to artists, authors, sculptors and so forth.One of these items includes synthetic chemical pigments that often have greater luminosity than previous organic pigments, thus allowing the artists to explore more vibrant styles. The most notable and recognized painters of this time embraced this new medium in which to work with. These artists included Alfred Sisley, Armand Guillaumin, Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet and Pierre Renoir. As a former sailor in the unify States Navy I have an affinity for lighthouses and depictions of the sea. One of my favorite pieces of this time is Claude Monets Mouth of the Seine, done in 1865.This masterpiece, with its lighthouse in the distance depicts the sexual climax and going of the many merchant, fishing and leisure vessels as they navigate the waters of the Seine river as it empt ies into the English Channel. The image to me, represents a simpler time where sailing was an art that was performed by skill rather than instruments and automation. Impressionism was not brought about by a necessity or tragic change in the social environment, more so out of the fact of new ideas and the availability of these new mediums.This allowed the artists to break free of the statu quo and express their view on the world around them in a fresh, new and vibrant way. Impressionism opened up the art worlds eyes and lead to the influence of many new and creative artists that expounded on not scarce using the optical impressions but also using the new found artistic style to also expression emotion and themes of greater symbolism. (Voorhies, 2000) These artists rebelled against the so-called limitations of impressionism.These artists matt-up that impressionism was missing many line elements including emotional, structural, symbolic and spiritual representation. (Misialowski, 200 6) Artists of this time frame worked, in most cases, independently and today are most often referred to as Post-Impressionists. The style was defined by vibrant colors, thick paint application, real life subject matter, geometric shapes, and distortion of objects figures for expressive emotional effect. Some of the key artists of this time included Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat. Aristide Maillol and Edouard Vuillard.One of my favorite pieces of this time comes of course from van Gogh. The piece is titled Stra?enarbeiter which means Road Workers. The imagination of this piece is rough and course with distorted views and sharp lines. The shapes of the trees almost draw you away from the what the piece is actually titled after, the road workers who are shown off in the distance and then again on the left edge of the painting. The colors give the image a dark look like it is depicting a late fall day with the workers frantically trying to complete the tas k before the onset of winter.Again, like the impressionism movement, there was not really a eyeshade reason for this movement other than the artists wants to more freely express themselves through their work. The social climate of the times were changing allowing for these artists to do what they were doing, however the majority of these post-impressionism artists were starvation artists and didnt gain huge notoriety until after death. The two paintings are similar but completely different. Each of the pieces captures the artists view of the world as they perceive it, the use of color to exact a response from the viewer.Each artist depicted a scene in which people were working against the elements with those that were there for leisure. Where they differ is in the way the artist wants the picture to be viewed. While Monet wanted to show the beauty of the landscape, ships and buildings, van Gogh showed a different view of it being distorted colorless and hopeless. As impressionism g ave way to post impressionism, post impressionism paved the way for modern art. Showing many artists that it was okay to express and play with imagery.That art was not locked down to someone elses definition of what it should be. It was what your perception of it was. It could be the anger of a thousand paint splatters. It could be the combination of print, paint, chalk and pastels. What you thought was art was art. As my Grandfather told me, art is not limited or bound by rules nor is it created in a lab. Art comes from within, from your emotions, from your perceptions. Impressionism unlocked chains of a thousand years of oppression to give us the inspiration for what we have now.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Thirty-five

EddardHe found Littlefinger in the bathhouses common room, chatting amiably with a tall, elegant woman who wore a feathered gown over skin as black as ink. By the hearth, Heward and a buxom wench were playing at forfeits. From the look of it, hed lost his belt, his cloak, his mail shirt, and his right boot so far, part the girl had been forced to unbutton her shift to the waist. Jory Cassel stood beside a rain-streaked window with a wry grinning on his face, watching Heward turn over tiles and enjoying the view.Ned paused at the base of operations of the stair and pulled on his gloves. Its time we took our leave. My business here is d whizz.Heward lurched to his feet, hurriedly gathering up his things. As you will, my lord, Jory said. Ill help Wyl bring round the long horses. He strode to the door.Littlefinger took his time state his farewells. He kissed the black womans hand, whispered some joke that made her laugh aloud, and sauntered over to Ned. Your business, he said fain theartedly, or Roberts? They say the throw dreams the kings dreams, speaks with the kings voice, and rules with the kings sword. Does that also opine you fuck with the kingsmanufacturing business Baelish, Ned interrupted, you presume too much. I am not ungrateful for your help. It might have taken us years to find this brothel with forbidden you. That does not mean I intend to endure your mockery. And I am no longer the Kings Hand.The direwolf must be a prickly beast, said Littlefinger with a sharp twist of his mouth.A warm rain was pelting down from a starless black sky as they walked to the stables. Ned drew up the ceiling of his cloak. Jory brought out his horse. Young Wyl came right behind him, leading Littlefingers mare with champion hand while the other fumbled with his belt and the lacings of his trousers. A barefoot whore leaned out of the stable door, giggling at him.Will we be going butt to the castle now, my lord? Jory asked. Ned nodded and swung into the saddle. Li ttlefinger mounted up beside him. Jory and the others followed.Chataya runs a choice establishment, Littlefinger said as they rode. Ive one-half a mind to buy it. Brothels are a much sounder investment than ships, Ive found. Whores seldom sink, and when they are boarded by pirates, why, the pirates pay good coin corresponding everyone else. Lord Petyr chuckled at his own wit.Ned let him prattle on. After a time, he quieted and they rode in silence. The streets of Kings Landing were dark and deserted. The rain had driven everyone under their roofs. It amount down on Neds head, warm as blood and relentless as old guilts. Fat drops of water ran down his face.Robert will never keep to one bed, Lyanna had told him at Winterfell, on the night long ago when their expoundher had promised her hand to the young Lord of Storms End. I hear he has gotten a child on some girl in the Vale. Ned had held the babe in his arms he could scarcely deny her, nor would he lie to his sister, but he had a scertain(p)d her that what Robert did onward their betrothal was of no matter, that he was a good man and true who would love her with all his heart. Lyanna had only smiled. Love is sweet, dearest Ned, but it cannot change a mans nature.The girl had been so young Ned had not dared to ask her age. No doubt shed been a virgin the better brothels could always find a virgin, if the purse was fat enough. She had light red hair and a powdering of freckles across the bridge of her nose, and when she slipped free a breast to name her nipple to the babe, he saw that her bosom was freckled as well. I named her Barra, she said as the child nursed. She looks so like him, does she not, milord? She has his nose, and his hair . . . She does. Eddard Stark had touched the babys fine, dark hair. It flowed done his fingers like black silk. Roberts first had had the same fine hair, he conceivemed to recall.Tell him that when you see him, milord, as it . . . as it please you. Tell him how beautifu l she is.I will, Ned had promised her. That was his curse. Robert would swear undying love and impede them before evenfall, but Ned Stark kept his vows. He thought of the promises hed made Lyanna as she lay dying, and the price hed paid to keep them.And tell him Ive not been with no one else. I swear it, milord, by the old gods and new. Chataya said I could have half a year, for the baby, and for hoping hed come back. So youll tell him Im waiting, wont you? I dont emergency no jewels or nothing, just him. He was always good to me, truly.Good to you, Ned thought hollowly. I will tell him, child, and I promise you, Barra shall not go wanting.She had smiled then, a smile so tremulous and sweet that it cut the heart out of him. Riding through the rainy night, Ned saw Jon Snows face in motility of him, so like a younger version of his own. If the gods frowned so on bastards, he thought dully, why did they fill men with such lusts? Lord Baelish, what do you know of Roberts bastards?Wel l, he has more than you, for a start.How many?Littlefinger shrugged. Rivulets of moisture twisted down the back of his cloak. Does it matter? If you bed enough women, some will give you presents, and His Grace has never been shy on that count. I know hes acknowledged that boy at Storms End, the one he fathered the night Lord Stannis wed. He could scantily do otherwise. The mother was a Florent, niece to the Lady Selyse, one of her bedmaids. Renly says that Robert carried the girl upstairs during the feast, and broke in the wedding bed while Stannis and his bride were still dancing. Lord Stannis seemed to speculate that was a blot on the honor of his wifes House, so when the boy was born, he shipped him off to Renly. He gave Ned a sideways glance. Ive also heard whispers that Robert got a oppose of twins on a serving wench at Casterly Rock, three years ago when he went west for Lord Tywins tourney. Cersei had the babes use uped, and sold the mother to a passing slaver. Too much a n affront to Lannister pride, that close to home.Ned Stark grimaced. Ugly tales like that were told of every great lord in the realm. He could believe it of Cersei Lannister quickly enough . . . but would the king stand by and let it happen? The Robert he had known would not have, but the Robert he had known had never been so practiced at shutting his eyes to things he did not wish to see. Why would Jon Arryn take a sudden interest in the kings baseborn children?The picayune man gave a soupy shrug. He was the Kings Hand. Doubtless Robert asked him to see that they were provided for. Ned was soaked through to the bone, and his soul had grown cold. It had to be more than that, or why kill him?Littlefinger shook the rain from his hair and laughed. Now I see. Lord Arryn learned that His Grace had filled the bellies of some whores and fishwives, and for that he had to be silenced. Small wonder. Allow a man like that to live, and next hes like to blurt out that the sun rises in the eas t.There was no dissolve Ned Stark could give to that but a frown. For the first time in years, he found himself remembering Rhaegar Targaryen. He wondered if Rhaegar had frequented brothels somehow he thought not.The rain was falling harder now, stinging the eyes and drum against the ground. Rivers of black water were running down the hill when Jory called out, My lord, his voice hoarse with alarm. And in an instant, the street was full of soldiers.Ned glimpsed ringmail over leather, gauntlets and greaves, steel helms with golden lions on the crests. Their cloaks clung to their backs, sodden with rain. He had no time to count, but there were ten at least, a line of them, on foot, blocking the street, with longswords and iron-tipped slams. Behind he heard Wyl cry, and when he turned his horse, there were more in back of them, cutting off their retreat. Jorys sword came singing from its scabbard. Make way or dieThe wolves are howling, their attracter said. Ned could see rain runnin g down his face. Such a small pack, though.Littlefinger walked his horse forward, step by careful step. What is the meaning of this? This is the Hand of the King.He was the Hand of the King. The mud muffled the hooves of the blood bay stallion. The line parted before him. On a golden breastplate, the lion of Lannister roared its defiance. Now, if truth be told, Im not sure what he is.Lannister, this is madness, Littlefinger said. Let us pass. We are expected back at the castle. What do you think youre doing?He knows what hes doing, Ned said calmly.Jaime Lannister smiled. Quite true. Im looking for my brother. You remember my brother, dont you, Lord Stark? He was with us at Winterfell. Fair-haired, mismatched eyes, sharp of tongue. A short man.I remember him well, Ned replied.It would seem he has met some trouble on the road. My lord father is quite vexed. You would not perchance have any notion of who might have wished my brother ill, would you?Your brother has been taken at my comm and, to answer for his crimes, Ned Stark said.Littlefinger groaned in dismay. My lordsSer Jaime ripped his longsword from its sheath and urged his stallion forward. Show me your steel, Lord Eddard. Ill butcher you like Aerys if I must, but Id sooner you died with a blade in your hand. He gave Littlefinger a cool, contemptuous glance. Lord Baelish, Id leave here in some haste if I did not care to get bloodstains on my costly clothing.Littlefinger did not need to be urged. I will bring the City Watch, he promised Ned. The Lannister line parted to let him through, and shut behind him. Littlefinger put his heels to his mare and vanished just about a corner.Neds men had drawn their swords, but they were three against twenty. Eyes watched from nearby windows and doors, but no one was about to intervene. His party was mounted, the Lannisters on foot execute for Jaime himself. A charge might win them free, but it seemed to Eddard Stark that they had a surer, safer tactic. Kill me, he warn ed the Kingslayer, and Catelyn will most certainly slay Tyrion.Jaime Lannister poked at Neds agency with the gilded sword that had sipped the blood of the last of the Dragonkings. Would she? The noble Catelyn Tully of Riverrun murder a hostage? I think . . . not. He sighed. But I am not willing to chance my brothers life on a womans honor. Jaime slid the golden sword into its sheath. So I suppose Ill let you run back to Robert to tell him how I frightened you. I wonder if hell care. Jaime pushed his wet hair back with his fingers and wheeled his horse around. When he was beyond the line of swordsmen, he glanced back at his captain. Tregar, see that no harm comes to Lord Stark.As you say, mlord.Still . . . we wouldnt want him to leave here entirely unchastened, sothrough the night and the rain, he glimpsed the white of Jaimes smilekill his men.No Ned Stark screamed, clawing for his sword. Jaime was already cantering off down the street as he heard Wyl shout. Men closed from both sid es. Ned rode one down, cutting at phantoms in red cloaks who gave way before him. Jory Cassel put his heels into his mount and charged. A steel-shod hoof caught a Lannister guardsman in the face with a uneasy crunch. A second man reeled away and for an instant Jory was free. Wyl cursed as they pulled him off his dying horse, swords slashing in the rain. Ned galloped to him, bringing his longsword down on Tregars helm. The move of impact made him grit his teeth. Tregar stumbled to his knees, his lion crest sheared in half, blood running down his face. Heward was hacking at the hands that had seized his bridle when a spear caught him in the belly. Suddenly Jory was back among them, a red rain flying from his sword. No Ned shouted. Jory, away Neds horse slipped under him and came crashing down in the mud. There was a moment of blinding pain and the taste of blood in his mouth.He saw them cut the legs from Jorys mount and drag him to the earth, swords rising and failing as they closed in around him. When Neds horse lurched back to its feet, he tried to rise, only to fall again, choking on his scream. He could see the splintered bone poking through his calf. It was the last thing he saw for a time. The rain came down and down and down.When he opened his eyes again, Lord Eddard Stark was alone with his dead. His horse moved closer, caught the rank scent of blood, and galloped away. Ned began to drag himself through the mud, gritting his teeth at the agony in his leg. It seemed to take years. Faces watched from candlelit windows, and people began to emerge from alleys and doors, but no one moved to help.Littlefinger and the City Watch found him there in the street, cradling Jory Cassels body in his arms.Somewhere the gold cloaks found a litter, but the trip back to the castle was a blur of agony, and Ned lost consciousness more than once. He remembered seeing the Red Keep looming ahead of him in the first grey light of dawn. The rain had darkened the pale pink ston e of the massive walls to the color of blood.Then Grand Maester Pycelle was looming over him, holding a cup, whispering, Drink, my lord. Here. The milk of the poppy, for your pain. He remembered swallowing, and Pycelle was grave someone to heat the wine to boiling and fetch him clean silk, and that was the last he knew.

Aaron Beam and the HealthSouth Fraud

In terms of Kohlbergs views on moral development, Aaron diversify would be at Level Two Conventional acquaint Three. Interpersonal Concordance Orientation. Aaron Beam knew that his actions were indeed wrong and he could no longer carry on, therefore, he retired and paid a price for his wrong actions. He now lives off of what he works for. In terms of Kohlbergs views on moral development, Richard Scrushy would be at the Level sensation Pre-conventional Stage One Punishment and Obedience Orientation.Scrushy in his own selfish reasons and believed that he did no wrong in doing what he did within his company. Scrushy also paid his dues and went to prison. Aaron Beam was morally responsible for engaging in aggressive accounting methods he used because from the very beginning when Scrushy told Beam to fake their financial reports, Beam knew that it was wrong, yet he continued to do it. Beam later on went against his morals and continued to commit fraud until he finally retired.Aaron B eams responsibility was not mitigated in anyway. Even though Beam was convinced by Scrushy and his own thoughts, he was still responsible for his own actions of aggressive accounting. Aaron Beam was not morally responsible for changing the clinic reports to increase the companys earnings. His responsibility was mitigated due to the fact that he as well as others was included in reporting false records.The people whom were cooperated in his actions are morally responsible for their actions. Their responsibilities were also mitigated because they all knew that they were committing fraudulent and continued to do so even after Beam has retired. Richard Scrushy was morally responsible for accounting fraud because even though he did not work under the financial department, he knew what the consequences in the frauds would be. He convinced Beam to so anyways.

Christian Views on Racial Harmony and Religious Freedom Essay

St. Paul taught Christians that former(a) races and religions were equal in the eyes of God. It is through faith that all of you are Gods sons in sum with Christ Jesus. You were baptized into union with Christ, and now you are clothed, so to speak, with the life of Christ himself. So there is no difference between Jews and Gentiles, between slaves and still men, between men and women you are all one in union with Christ Jesus. It is because conceptualizers share a love of Jesus that they are equal, St Paul says.The word of honor opens up with a description of God creating humans in his own image, therefore, Christians guess that everybody should be respected as Gods creation. This means that disfavor and racism are wrong. There are many more teachings in the Old and New testaments which reinforce this, like the Good Samaritan. Most modern Christians believe that deal should be free to take note whatever they like, or no(prenominal) at all. There are, however, three different Christian approaches to religious freedom.Exclusivism Some people are excluded from heaven. Jesus said I am the way, the truth, and the life, no one goes to the father except by me. Some Christians believe this means that only those who follow Christian beliefs can go to heaven. Inclusivism Some Christians believe that while all religions can help to reach god, only Christianity has the complete answer. This is because Jesus taught that people should believe in him to get to heaven, and only Christians believe in Jesus as the Son of God.This is often the view held by Roman Catholic Christians. While other faiths should be respected, the right path should be explained to them. Pluralism There are many religions. Some Christians believe that all religions will lead to God, none is superior and none is wrong. People are free to followthe way that suits them best. These Christians do not regard the Bible as the word of God, but rather as hallowed writings like many other sacred books . These Christains do not think they should try to persuade people to change their religion.

Philosophy †Conscience (90/90) Essay

Discuss critically the weigh that we should always follow our sense of right and wrong when ma baron estimable conclusionsIt has traditionally been proposed that the moral sense is an established physical structure of strength, essentially justifying the view that it should be followed. Many notable figures through come in history Aquinas, Butler, Plato, Freud have structurally placed it in a potent rle. Whether this is by elbow room of triple-way analogies, hierarchical standing or even religious eminence, the moral sense serves a theoretical, and indeed practical, function as the human and societal arbiter. But then, there is in addition a possible disparity between the states of unmarried and collective sense of right and wrong, contri neverthelessing to the difficulties in determining which conscience is more suited to enacting honourable decisions. This predicates an interesting wave-particle duality the conscience either does not maintain this degree of control or, conversely, the consciences increased complaisant standing grants it an even greater direct of authority. It crumb similarly be questi peerlessd whether or not the consciences proposed supremacy necessitates an mortals reliance on it, or even, whether it is needed at all.Ideas in connection with the conscience argon far-reaching. The notion of ethical decisions creation g all overned by the conscience implies that there is a headway rle the conscience must(prenominal) play in enacting them. But, as addressed higher up, there are solid suspenses over its reliability its bumpmingly potent position and even its existence. My argument follows an documental line, paying close attention to that factor in which man is of sole importance. The human creation is the entity the conscience must contribute alongside, and vice versa. There is a clear discrepancy between common definitions of consciousness, in turn emphasising the inconsistency of thought on the look.The Collins Dictionary, for example, defines consciousness as world conscious(predicate) of peerlesss surroundings1 in contrast with the Concise Oxford Dictionary which classifies it as being aware of and responding to ones surroundings2. Herein, at the outset, lies an lie with. Surroundings and conditions are clearly noted by two definitions, yet the human acknowledgement and response to them are not so. This irregularity is highly applicable when trying to determine the consciences rle in the single(a)s decision-making. The minds twist on the individual, the individuals place in society, and, indeed, individuals themselves, are key to this matter.*****************May matinee idol himself, the God of peace, sanctify you through and through. May your whole spirit, soul and body be kept blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ 3Presented above is the Biblical proposition most considered to be supportive of the multilateral theory of the Godhead. Theologically, three has been a invariable Biblical presence, It should be noted at the outset that the Biblical authors use of the number three is abundantly demonstrate4 The Holy Trinity, Noahs three sons and Jobs three daughters being notable cases of this.Accordingly, the human being consists of three separate elements either body, soul and spirit, as is noted above, or, most applicable to the question of conscience i) appetites ii) affections, and iii) reason the latter having familiar associations with the conscience. But where does this come into the idea of avocation ones conscience? Simply put, it is the idea that the conscience is dominant in its essence that theologians, philosophers and psychologists throughout times past have placed it above appetites and affections. Noted examples of this are Aquinas Hierarchy of Being, Platos Allegory of the Chariot, Freuds idea of the id, ego and superego, and others all leading to one literally presented conclusion conscience is boss, and ergo, should be fo llowed.Thomistic philosophy places the conscience in a divine rank alongside the Bible, the Church and Mankind as a whole. It is divine and institutional law guided through human mechanisms by the Synderesis Rulethe innate principle in the moral consciousness of every somebody which directs the agent to good and restrains him from evil5.This can be seen to relate directly to the idea of a benevolent conscience making ethical decisions good being the ultimate goal. Butler takes a similar position man is born to virtue6 self love and benevolence being the individuals guide. But, one might ask whether the apparent requirement to do good is really an objective balance. Can one really make an ethical decision without knowing the evil? 7Aquinas asserted five primary commandments which the conscience formulates in an ethical judgement self preservation and preservation of the innocent, prolongation of the species, education of children, living in a society and worshipping God. Despit e the need for these to be followed, and, of course, definitive of how we make ethical decisions, it is the fifth that one finds enticing for this special study. Worshipping God, the church a state of authority or, indeed, perceived authority, guiding our actions.It conforms to the hierarchy of being (an apt link with the tripartite theory) and is a premise for Gods benign tyranny. God is the pure form of Reason, and is so at the top of the hierarchy, subordinated by homo affections and animals pure appetite. By this we can see that this hierarchical method is multi-levelled the human being comprises these attributes just as a collective hierarchy does. They are simply metaphors for the consciences divine authority on a bodily and societal level.This is further supported by Platos Allegory of the Chariot the charioteer representing Intellect/Reason/Conscience, the white horse signifying the aforesaid(prenominal) morals and affections, and the black horse symbolising appetite s. star might be too facetious in making this interpretation but the use of a horse somewhat indicates that human beings are majorly of beastly appetites, other than reason are we Gods beasts as it were? Plato himself judged thatmanis a tame or civilized animal nevertheless, he requires proper instruction and a fortunate nature, and then of all animals he becomes the most divine and most civilized but if he be insufficiently or ill-educated he is the most savage of earthly creatures.8Yet, he conversely gives the analogous horse human traitshe is a lover of honour and modesty and temperance, and the follower of true glory he needs no touch of the whip, but is guided by develop and admonition only.9Even more interesting is Platos use of a human being in Gods rle. This gives two ideas God is either being anthropomorphised (putting him in inferior standing) or, alternatively, human conscience is God-ly10 maybe God is our conscience. Maybe He is mankind. Newman supports the former i dea an echo implies a voice a voice, a speaker. That speaker I love and revere11, by the literal hearing of voices. The speaker is the indwelling voice the conscience and the repercussion of Gods direct message. Here, on the surface, we can clearly see, due to the divine cloud hanging over this matter (God is good), that the conscience should be followed when making ethical decisions.Yet, one might ask the fundamental question of whether the conscience is worthy of its place above appetites and affections. The empiricist, David Hume, makes his opinion on the matter quite clearreason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them12.He provides a clear argument against always following our conscience when making ethical decisions, in favour of our appetites. One might take the view that our bad-mannered nature, without the influence of our conscience and an interventionist (or determinant) society is more e quipped to make ethical decisions. Indeed, the Reformation encouraged the break-away from the Church of Rome and set the individual conscience, not ecclesiastic authority, at the centre of religious life. As will be addressed in further detail later, if our conscience is distorted by society the individual may not be in full control of his own ethical decisions. One could conversely argue, however, that, as Plato seemingly hinted at above, Hume degrades humanity to the level of animals that we have no power to reason and therefore cannot achieve God-liness or make ethical decisions at all.Plato supplemented the ideas purveyed by his Allegory of the Chariot through other work The Republic, which, for this set about, provides the basis for examination of the relationship between individual and societal conscience. As with Aquinas, it is a question of hierarchy. The workers appetite followers and the soldiers protectors of the state and morals are both subservient to the philoso pher-kings the embodiment of reason.Platos view was that of an elitist society with the core conscience in charge knowledge is power13 (Conscience is king14) or, as I might conversely argue, power is knowledge (King is conscience). One can draw parallels with Orwells dystopian novel cardinal Eighty-Four, which, for me, offers an even more appropriate portrayal of this idea the lowly proles comprising the vast majority of society governed by appetites the Outer caller controlled by state value and propaganda, morals, affections and the Inner Party and Big Brother, the core of the state the quintessence of the conscience, it is impossible to see reality except by looking through the eyes of the Party15.These two examples demonstrate the conscience of the individual being mirrored in society. It raises issues as to whether the conscience of the collective should be followed when making ethical decisions as unconnected to that of the limited individual only in the mind of the pa rty, which is collective and immortal16 drawing distinctly Marxist parallels, and, perhaps more relevantly, conforming to the Thomistic precept of living in a society. One can link this to the thoughts of Soloveychik that conscience cant be someones own. Conscience is both personal and universal17. The pluralism, we, established in the initial proposition is markedly addressed with these connections to societal conscience.One extremity that may arise from this elitist, authoritarian ideal, however, is the issue of mind-control (Big Brother Is Watching You). A conscientious hierarchical society controlling the psyche of the masses may fulfil the rle of the individual in a more oblique, inflated manner. Appetites, affection and reason being governed by class structure bringing about a socially coagulated conscience. One might apply this to F.H. Bradleys personification our function is as an organ in a social organism. Thus, if conscience is uniform among individuals, why might ethic al decisions not be carried out similarly? Baruch de Spinoza believed that Gods knowledge is distilled through humanityan idea is adequate and faultless insofar as it represents knowledgeof the eternal and infinite essence of God18.Giving further substance to the idea of an individuals morals (their ethical make-up) being reflected on a collective level. Hume, however, argues against this, nothing is more surprising than the easiness with which the many are governed by the few19, pondering the dominance of a reasoned minority the collectives core conscience in turn eradicating the starting point for this theory. An answer to the issue in the proposition, however, is still not possible at this point. One cannot yet determine whether the conscience should be followed when making ethical decisions because of the sheer amount of subjectivity over the ethics of elitism.Still, the plausibility of a societal conscience maintaining this degree of authority is questionable. Despite the s eemingly loose connections mentioned above, the conscience of the collective is undoubtedly dissimilar to that of the individual. The juxtaposed issues of freedom and counterpoint individual mentality are enough in themselves to maintain this viewpoint. Obviously, this makes us question whether making references to literal states of authority is actually worthwhile. The individual has a conscience which both conflicts and complements the state/collective consciousness.Linking to the above issue, are governments/collectives always an objective balance? Seemingly, there are corrupt governments history has shown there to be degeneracy in the Church and other elements of society that control the individuals mindset. Yet it is indubitably the case that the mind (and conscience) is always influenced by the society in which it operates. This presents a mind-blowing paradox. Society is not only dogged by a central conscience but the conscience of the individual is conversely determined b y society. This might then suggest that whatever the case, the sole function that drives societal conditions, indirectly assumes its authority over the individual. J.B Watson the Father of Behaviourism proposedgive me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at haphazard and train him to become any type of specialist I might select 20He places himself a core being with societal influence in an authoritative position over specified individuals. This can be compared with the Freudian idea that the superego develops throughout childhood by external influences. The human being is born with the id the basis for appetites, eros (sex) and thanatos (death) drives these drives could interestingly be seen in a belligerently potent rle, supporting the idea of appetital authority la Hume. Subsequently, the ego develops the presentable faade that we apply to the world our affections. Then the superego, our reaso n and conscience the irrefutable censor of the human mind. It develops throughout childhood. In tandem with the environmental development, or determinism, mentioned above, children are completely egoistic they feel their needs intensely and strive ruthlessly to satisfy them21.So by this then, we can see that the tripartite, three is a consistent literal basis for the presentation of the conscience. I would, however, question whether this is a valuable method by which to present its authority. There are evident differences between the theories presented by each of these figures Freud socio-psychological Aquinas religious Plato the soul. These differences mean something. For one, each has specific rles. Some may apply strictly to societal conscience (Platos Republic and Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four), others may apply merely to the individual (Freud and Platos Allegory of the Chariot). It is nonetheless interesting that the tripartite is consistent throughout different periods and cultures. Ultimately, it comes to the point where one must consult Freuds verdict to prove what these give us, analogies, it is true, decide nothing, but they can make one feel more at home22.How else, then, can the conscience be interpreted authoritatively and conclusive of how we make ethical decisions? Put simply, the conscience is an qui vive it is disturbing it forces the individual to put themselves in uncomfortable situations and concurrently feel the effects of these. Although there are religious sides to this, for example, the threat, he who acts against his conscience loses his soul23, the principal factor here is indeed criminality. Of course, guilt is the one thing that the layman will consider alongside the conscience. Conscience is guilt to many. The objective conscience whole kit and caboodle by putting the individual at a discomfort, Freud believing that guilt is the consequence of not obeying it.Dostoyevsky provides a fine example of this in his notorious work Cr ime and Punishment, where the protagonist, Rodion Raskolnikov, experiences continual mental anguish following his homicidal actions. The novel gives the idea of mental demons If he has a conscience he will cause for his mistake. That will be punishment as well as the prison.24 Rodions shame ultimately forces him to confess. He follows his guilty conscience to make an ethical decision. This issue is also given great attention in Shakespeares tragedy, Hamlet, in which the king, Claudius, comes to realise, in retrospect, the implications of his fratricide my stronger guilt defeats my strong intent25.He is, however, prone to continuing his murderous tendencies. Although this is a literary construction, one might suggest that Claudius reverts to his thanatos drive, the superego not taking precedence. Another interpretation is that he adheres to the opinion that you perform a sin twice and it will cease to be a crime26, providing a distinctly self-centred stance. Above all, however, th is notion of guilt leads us to question whether the consciences precedence actually does entail our reliance on it. If the conscience can be seen to be malicious one might assume it is not all good or a worthy mechanism by which to make ethical decisions. Should we always follow our conscience if it occasionally encourages us to impart malevolence towards others?Yet, admittedly, I have placed the conscience, somewhat clumsily, in a potent rle by inappropriately treating it as an inanimate transcendent object. The conscience is a misleading phrase it can not be addressed in literal hurt as the above-mentioned figures and I have done so. It is an ambiguous concept a culmination of ideas, not a figurehead or core being that people must obey. In doing this I have partially neglected the fundamental points initially outlined those of human response to the conscience, as well as the issue of ethical decisions. The point is that the human being is its conscience they work in tandem ye t the individual conscience is contingent on the social conscience and vice versa. It is an eternal cog of human reasoning, working jointly to maintain relations and prevent wrongdoing.There is a deterministic problem associated with this question if the conscience is a necessary mechanism then seemingly we cannot escape it always following our conscience places it in a more authoritative rle than a judicial one. Aquinas, for one, believed that following our conscience is always right despite it not necessarily entailing good is this really the kind of mindset we wish when making ethical decisions? If one is to take Humes view of appetital dominance, the human essence being the guidance of our nature, we can, to an extent, countermand this. One might argue that the conscience is just a constraint on our essential urges. A constraint on the collectives blossoming Sartre asserting that we must act out passion before we can feel it27.Even today in such a complex, interlaced world th ere is a question over whether our primitive essence would beget greater happiness. Not at all am I suggesting that humans should revert to being primal, nor that happiness should be the human races ultimate goal, but, in terms of making ethical decisions, must one rely on the conscience? Indeed, there is a risk that reliance on appetites would encourage societal and individual regression. Hence, a viable alternative must be suggested.For me, this comes in the form of Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest) that mankind evolves by means of competition, the very essence of instinct is that its followed independently of reason28. Darwin appeared to prioritise appetites using them as a means for societal progression. One might assert that this ideal comes closest to loosening the fetters of both individual conscience and societal restraint, whilst not jeopardising our future. In answering the question, the various examples presented in this essay of the conscience being dominant i n its essence suggest to me that in any case the conscience deters our decision-making. Indeed, if we feel by any means constrained we are unable to make pure, objective ethical decisions, ergo, we should not be subservient to the conscience when making them.1 Collins Dictionary & thesaurus Two books in one, 20042 Concise Oxford Dictionary Tenth Edition, 19993 1 Thessalonians 5234 Richard D. Patterson, The Third Day Motif, The Use Of deuce-ace In The Bible5 The Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy6 Joseph Butler. Class notes.7 This is addressed further with the issue of guilt later on.8 Plato, The Republic9 Plato, Phaedrus10 This is intended to mean the essence of God, rather than merely god-like attributes.11 Popes Letter On Newman12 David Hume13 Sir Francis Bacon14 Joseph Butler15 Nineteen Eighty-Four, Part 2, Chapter 216 Nineteen Eighty-Four, Part 2, Chapter 217 Simon Soloveychik, Free Man18 Spinozas Ethics19 David Hume20 John B. Watson21 Sigmund Freud22 Sigmund Freud23 Fourth Lateran Council24 Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment, Chapter 1925 Hamlet, Act 3 Scene 3, l. 4026 Jewish commentary27 Jean-Paul Sartre28 Charles Darwin

Maternal Deprivation Essay

An understanding of my come upings regarding Maternal deprivationMaternal deprivation was a term partd by British psychologist John Bowlby. Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation was that any disruption to the continuity of a loving and mutual bond amidst electric razor and bugger off/mother figure can be potentially damaging to a infants emotional, intellectual and social development. Bowlby believed that if a bond is broken between child and mother between the crucial period of 6 months and 5 years, then the child is at high risk of developing things like anti social behaviour and mental retardation.There are different kinds of separationShort term separation This occurs when working mothers/ mother figure make use of daycare or child or mother figure has a short stay in hospital. Long term separation Occurs when families split up and one parent has custody or when both parents die. Privation Occurs when a child is orphaned very young and receives institutional care, or when a child is severely neglected or abused by carers so that an atypical attachment is formed. Maternal Privation this occurs when an infant is never allowed to bond with their mother figure. Prived children do not experience the skinny kin most of us get to enjoy.He believed thatThe first 5 years of life are the most fundamental in a persons development. Separation from a parent especially the mother is a major cause in psychological trauma in childhood Such deprivation and consequent psychological trauma has long lasting affects on the over all development of a child The attachment is monotropic centre it is between the child and one other person. There is a critical period for attachment formation, he thought was between 6 months and 3 years. The child must form an attachment by around 6 months, after which they will have a strong need to be continually close to the mother/mother figure. Any obstacle to the forming of attachment or any subsequent disruption of the relationship constitutes Maternal deprivation. The secure attachment and continuous relationship a child needs is far more likely to be provided within the natural family thananywhere else.Bowlby believed that there are huge psychological consequences for a child who has experienced separation from their mother/mother figure. Bowlby based his research on a group of children who had been sent to his clinic for stealing, this was known as The thieves study The betoken of this study was to see if juvenile criminals who displayed affectionless psychopathy were likely to have had an early separation than those who had not. Eighty eight children half of whom had criminal records for theft. Fourteen of the thieves displayed a inadequacy of normal affection, a sense of responsibility or shame. Almost all of these children suffered early or prolonged separation from their mothers/mother figure. The remaining seventy foursome children who were not affectionless, only seven had been separated from thei r mother figures. This appears to strongly support Bowlbys theory.Bowbly said that mother love in Infancy and childhood is as definitive for mental health as vitamins and proteins are for physical healthI agree, Children need a stable, permanent, loving figure in their lives, for comfort, support, safety and to know and feel love. A happy child is a thriving child.

How Far Do You Agree with the Opinion That the Boer Was Acted as a Spur to Much Needed Reform in Britain

How distant do you agree with the opinion that the Boer war acted as a spur to more undeniable neaten in Britain? The Boer war acted as a catalyst to reform in many ways. It had considerable rival politically and socially. Many changes were put in draw a bead on, from improving the army to public health cargon. Initially what acted as a spur was the amount of deaths and the cost of the war, 22,000 were killed costing ? 200 million on that pointfore this led to a wake up call for the Army.However one whitethorn argue that it was not just the Boer war that bring forth reforms to be made in Britain individuals much(prenominal) as Richard Burton Haldane who was appointed war minister could have enforced changes without the Boer war being a significant factor. The Committee of Imperial defence was plenty up in 1903 addressing that critical reform was needed in regards to the way Britain defended itself and strategy of planning.This was introduced to learn lesson from the Boer w ar further more passkey Salisbury established the Royal Commissions under Lord Elgin, some of the changes that were implemented was the abolition of the post of commanding officer in Chief, this was highly significant as it allowed other posts to be introduced and the elite class did not pervert there way into the Army and posts were given by merit hence allowing more competent individuals to make pass the Army. Source B shows that inefficiencies of the armed forces and the how important the Esher Report was in reforming it.The ancestor highlighted that there was much needed reform in the army and much of these reforms that were introduced were due to the Boer war, it coolly analysed the confusions and ineffectiveness of army administration considering the provenance I can see that it is from a Book by the historian Corelli Barnett who studied English troops history and it was published in 1970 hence implying that Barnett must have collected a wide barf of sources over a lo ng period of time and judged them fairly before coming to a quick-scented conclusion.Source A suggests that Britain has had an imperial lesson and will learn from it and will strengthen the Empire. The nature of the source is an extract from a poem by Rudyard Kipling. The provenance could be challenged as it was write by Kipling who was pro Empire, so it may have an exaggerative nature however one may argue that the idea of reform as a result of the Boer war was widespread and accepted at the time, moreover source B which is reliable as well as accepts the viewpoint.There were huge numbers of men that were deemed unfit for military service this was made apparent when they led an probe into why it took so long and why it was so expensive just to defeat 50 000 farmers, from this investigation they saw that they had to make changes hence why the Committee on Physical Deterioration was established it was set up in 1903 and found that it was not physical deterioration regarding phys ical health but there was a growing need to improve living, working and education conditions.This produced the need for national efficiency. Many diametric groups wanted to improve Britains social system by making the Empire efficient and putting more children into Education for longer to allow the spread of social mobility. A meritocracy was also introduced thus allowing individuals to embark of a career based on qualifications and not social class. This could only have been put in place because of the Boer war. Source D evidently shows the need for national efficiency, it shows that 26. % of people were rejected out of 3600 recruits in Sheffield, York and Leeds. 3 out of 5 volunteers were rejected this was astonishingly high and highlighted the pressing need to change Britain socially. Free shoal meals were introduced in 1906 and provision of medical inspections of children. The National Insurance Act of 1911 which provided free medical health for the working class. As a result s of the many deaths that occurred in the Second Boer war, new administrative structures were put in place.From acknowledging the profuse reactions, skills and talented nature of the Boers, the British needed to put some hard reforms in place. Firstly they aloof the traditional bright scarlet uniform for the khaki which allowed a better disguise, new weaponry was introduced such as the Lee Enfield rifle and quick firing guns were produced which were learned from massacres like the one at spion kop. thereof showing that all these changes were due to the learning of mistakes from the Boer war.Source C is an extract from a memorandum from Haldane on military reform published in 1907 this was write by Haldane who was appointed the war minister thus implying that this source is accurate as a war minister would not make exaggerated claims on reforming the military, indeed the provenance of this source is reliable, this source explains the mobilisation of the territorial or home force . However some may say that it was not largely due to the result of the Boer war but because of political changes that were inevitably divergence to take place.Whenever a new party comes into power is it understandable that they would make important decisions on how to running the country, nevertheless one may argue that the Boer war had an impact on decision making. Furthermore opinion from the sources most of them all are in agreement with each other Sources B, C and D are written by reliable people, Historian and politicians were are Source A is a poem written by an individual who is pro empire however there is substantial evidence to support what is written in this poem. Hence why I agree with the view that the second Boer war resulted in much needed reform in Britain.